Appropriate technology Totally Explained

Everything about Intermediate Technology totally explained

Appropriate technology (AT) is technology that's designed with special consideration to the environmental, ethical, cultural, social and economical aspects of the community it's intended for. With these goals in mind, AT typically requires fewer resources, is easier to maintain, has a lower overall cost and less of an impact on the environment.
   Proponents use the term to describe technologies which they consider to be suitable for use in developing nations or underdeveloped rural areas of industrialized nations, which they feel can't operate and maintain high technology. Appropriate Technology usually prefers labor-intensive solutions over capital-intensive ones, although labor-saving devices are also used where this doesn't mean high capital or maintenance cost.
   In practice, it's often something that might be described as using the simplest level of technology that can effectively achieve the intended purpose in a particular location. However, the terminology isn't very precise. E. F. Schumacher asserts that such technology, described in the book Small is Beautiful tends to promote values such as health, beauty and permanence, in that order.
   What exactly constitutes appropriate technology in any given case is a matter of debate, but generally the term is used by theorists to question high technology or what they consider to be excessive mechanization, human displacement, resource depletion or increased pollution associated with industrialisation. The term has often, though not always, been applied to the situations of developing nations or underdeveloped rural areas of industrialized nations.

Background of the term

The term came into some prominence during the 1973 energy crisis and the environmental movement of the 1970s. The economist (and former British Coal Board advisor) E. F. Schumacher of the UK was one of the originators of the concept.
A related term, intermediate technology, refers specifically to tools that cost more or are more sophisticated or complex than those currently in use in a developing nation but still much less costly, or more accessible, than those tools that would be used in a developed nation. Often, in a developing nation, this is a first step among "appropriate" criteria developed by proponents. According to proponents, it's usually "appropriate" to use only technologies that can be locally repaired.

Different usages, controversies

Intermediate technology

"Intermediate technology" can be a synonym for "appropriate technology." It was coined by E.F. Schumacher to describe technology which is significantly more effective and expensive than traditional methods, but still an order of magnitude (10 times) cheaper than developed world technology. It is a technology that proponents argue can be easily purchased and used by poor people, and according to proponents can lead to greater productivity while minimizing social dislocation. Much intermediate technology can also be built and serviced using locally available materials and knowledge.

Appropriate hard and soft technologies

According to Dr. Maurice Albertson and Faulkner, appropriate hard technology is “engineering techniques, physical structures, and machinery that meet a need defined by a community, and utilize the material at hand or readily available. It can be built, operated and maintained by the local people with very limited outside assistance (for example, technical, material, or financial). it's usually related to an economic goal.”
Albertson and Faulkner consider Appropriate soft technology as technology that deals with “the social structures, human interactive processes, and motivation techniques. It is the structure and process for social participation and action by individuals and groups in analyzing situations, making choices and engaging in choice-implementing behaviors that bring about change.”

Not necessarily "low" technology

Appropriate technology can benefit from the latest research, as with the cloth filter which was inspired by research into the way cholera is carried in water.
It may use very recent technology - for example, a type of white LED lights is used by the Light Up the World Foundation in remote areas of Nepal. This is an appropriate alternative to more traditional forms of lighting as they don't cause the health problems that come with kerosene lamps or wood fires, and they've low power requirements and high reliability, necessary for remote locations not connected to a power grid.

Another definition of appropriate technology

British architect and authority on human settlements and development, John F. C. Turner (co-author and editor of the book Freedom To Build and author of the book Housing By People), has said that truly appropriate technology is technology that ordinary people can use for their own benefit and the benefit of their community, that doesn't make them dependent on systems over which they've no control. What this definition focuses on is that technology typically creates dependencies and thus to truly be appropriate, technology should enhance the local or regional capacity to meet local needs, rather than creating or amplifying dependencies on systems beyond local control. This definition fits nicely with the emerging relocalization movement, and is parallel to E.F. Schumacher's idea that 'small is beautiful.'

Examples and Sustainability

Features such as low cost, low usage of fossil fuels and use of locally available resources can give some advantages in terms of sustainability. For that reason, these technologies are sometimes used and promoted by advocates of sustainability and alternative technology.

Information and communication technology

The OLPC XO and the Simputer are computers aimed at developing countries, their primary advantage being low cost. Other relevant factors include resistance to dust, reliability and use of the target language.

Eldis OnDisc and The Appropriate Technology Library are projects that use CDs and DVDs to give access to development information in areas without reliable and affordable internet access.

The Wind-up radio and the computer and communication system planned by the Jhai Foundation are independent from power supply.

There is also GrameenPhone, which fused mobile telephony with Grameen Bank's microfinance program to gives Bangladeshi villagers access to communication.

Mobile telephony is appropriate technology for many developing countries, as it greatly reduces the infrastructure required to achieve widespread coverage.

Loband, a website developed by Aptivate strips all the photographic and other bandwidth intensive content from webpages and renders them as simple text, while otherwise allowing you to browse them normally. The site greatly increasing the speed of browsing, and is appropriate for use on low bandwidth connections as generally available in much of the developing world.

Construction

Adobe (including the variation called Super Adobe), Rammed earth, Dutch brick, and Cob could be considered appropriate technology for much of the developing world, as they make use of materials which are widely available locally and are thus relatively inexpensive. The local context must be considered as, for example, mudbrick may not be durable in a high rainfall area (although a large roof overhang and cement stabilisation can be used to correct for this), and, if the materials are not readily available, the method may be inappropriate. Other forms of natural building may be considered appropriate technology, though in many cases the emphasis is on sustainability rather than affordability or suitability.
The organization Architecture for Humanity also follows principles consistent with appropriate technology, aiming to serve the needs of poor and disaster-affected people.

Energy

"Appropriate" energy technologies are especially suitable for isolated and/or small scale energy needs. However, high capital cost must be taken into account.
   Electricity can be provided from solar cells (which are expensive initially, but simple), wind power or micro hydro, with energy stored in batteries. Biobutanol, biodiesel and straight vegetable oil can be appropriate, direct biofuels in areas where vegetable oil is readily available and cheaper than fossil fuels.
   A generator (running on biofuels) can be run more efficiently if combined with batteries and an inverter; this adds significantly to capital cost but reduces running cost, and can potentially make this a much cheaper option than the solar, wind and micro-hydro options. Biogas is another potential source of energy, particularly where there's an abundant supply of waste organic matter.
   The term soft energy technology was coined by Amory Lovins to describe "appropriate" renewable energy.

Lighting

The Light Up the World Foundation uses white LED lights and a source of renewable energy such as solar cells to provide lighting to poor people in remote areas, providing significant benefits compared to the kerosene lamps which they replace.
The Safe bottle lamp is a safer kerosene lamp designed in Sri Lanka. The safety comes from a secure screw-on metal lid, and two flat sides which prevent it from rolling if knocked over.

Ventilation and air conditioning

Natural ventilation can be created by providing vents in the upper level of a building to allow warm air to rise by convection and escape to the outside, while cooler air is drawn in through vents at the lower level. A solar chimney often referred to as thermal chimney improves this natural ventilation by using convection of air heated by passive solar energy. To further maximize the cooling effect, the incoming air may be led through underground ducts before it's allowed to enter the building.
A windcatcher (Badgir; بادگیر) is a traditional Persian architectural device used for many centuries to create natural ventilation in buildings. It isn't known who first invented the windcatcher, but it still can be seen in many countries today. Windcatchers come in various designs, such as the uni-directional, bi-directional, and multi-directional.
A passive down-draft cooltower may be used in a hot, arid climate to provide a sustainable way to provide air conditioning. Water is allowed to evaporate at the top of a tower, either by using evaporative cooling pads or by spraying water. Evaporation cools the incoming air, causing a downdraft of cool air that will bring down the temperature inside the building.

Food preparation

According to proponents, Appropriate Technologies can greatly reduce the labor required to prepare food, compared to traditional methods, while being much simpler and cheaper than the processing used in Western countries. This reflects E.F. Schumacher's concept of "intermediate technology," for example technology which is significantly more effective and expensive than traditional methods, but still an order of magnitude (10 times) cheaper than developed world technology. Key examples are the Malian peanut sheller, the fonio husking machine, and the screenless hammer mill.

Cooking

Smokeless and wood conserving stoves promise greater efficiency and less smoke, resulting in savings in time and labor, reduced deforestation, and significant health benefits. Briquette makers can turn organic waste into fuel, saving money and/or collection time, and preserving forests. Solar cookers are appropriate to some settings, depending on climate and cooking style. Rocket stove improves fuel efficiency and reduces harmful indoor air pollution.

Health care

A phase-change incubator, developed in the late 1990s, is a low cost way for health workers to incubate microbial samples.
Note that many Appropriate Technologies benefit public health, in particular by providing sanitation and safe drinking water. Refrigeration may also provide a health benefit. (These are discussed in the following paragraphs.) Jaipur leg was developed by by Dr. P. K . Sethi and Masterji Ram Chander in 1968 as an inexpensive prosthetic leg for victims of landmine explosions.

Refrigeration

The pot-in-pot refrigerator is an African invention which keeps things cool without electricity. It provides a way to keep food and produce fresh for much longer than would otherwise be possible. This can be a great benefit to the families who use the device. For example, it's claimed that girls who had to regularly sell fresh produce in the market can now go to school instead, as there's less urgency to sell the produce before it loses freshness.

Water supply

Appropriate Technologies for delivering water include the hippo water roller, which allows more water to be carried, with less effort; rainwater harvesting (which requires an appropriate method of storage, especially in areas with significant dry seasons); and fog collection, suitable for areas which experience fog even when there's little rain.
The roundabout playpump, developed and used in southern Africa, harnesses the energy of children at play to pump water; however at several thousand dollars it can't be considered a low-cost option. Handpumps and treadle pumps are generally more appropriate to developing world contexts than motor-driven pumps, and may provide better quality water with less travel time than surface water sources; however, even handpumps are often a problem, failing and left unused due to lack of maintenance. Treadle pumps for household irrigation are now being distributed on a widespread basis in developing countries. The principle of Village Level Operation and Maintenance is important with handpumps, but may be difficult in application.

Water treatment

Water generally needs treatment before use, depending on the source and the intended use (with high standards required for drinking water). The quality of water from household connections and community water points in low-income countries isn't reliably safe for direct human consumption. Water extracted directly from surface waters and open hand-dug shallow wells nearly always requires treatment.
   Appropriate technology options in water treatment include both community-scale and household-scale point-of-use (POU) designs.
   The most reliable way to kill microbial pathogenic agents is to heat water to a rolling boil. Other techniques, such as varying forms of filtration, chemical disinfection, and exposure to ultraviolet radiation (including solar UV) have been demonstrated in an array of randomized control trials to significantly reduce levels of waterborne disease among users in low-income countries.
   Over the past decade, an increasing number of field-based studies have been undertaken to determine the success of POU measures in reducing waterborne disease. The ability of POU options to reduce disease is a function of both their ability to remove microbial pathogens if properly applied and such social factors as ease of use and cultural appropriateness. Technologies may generate more (or less) health benefit than their lab-based microbial removal performance would suggest.
   The current priority of the proponents of POU treatment is to reach large numbers of low-income households on a sustainable basis. Few POU measures have reached significant scale thus far, but efforts to promote and commercially distribute these products to the world's poor have only been under way for a few years.
   On the other hand, small-scale water treatment is reaching increasing fractions of the population in low-income countries, particularly in South and Southeast Asia, in the form of water treatment kiosks (also known as water refill stations or packaged water producers). While quality control and quality assurance in such locations may be variable, sophisticated technology (such as multi-stage particle filtration, UV irradiation, ozonation, and membrane filtration) is applied with increasing frequency. Such microenterprises are able to vend water at extremely low prices, with increasing government regulation. Initial assessments of vended water quality are encouraging.
   Whether applied at the household or community level, some examples of specific treatment processes include:

porous ceramic filtration, using either clay or diatomaceous earth, and oriented as either cylinder, pot, or disk, with gravity-fed or siphon-driven delivery systems. Silver is frequently added to provide antimicrobial enhancement

Intermittently operated slow-sand filtration, also known as biosand filtration

chlorine disinfection, employing calcium hypochlorite powder, sodium hypochlorite solution, or sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) tablets

chemical flocculation, using either commercially produced iron or aluminum salts or the crushed seeds of certain plants, such as Moringa oleifera

mixed flocculation/disinfection using commercially produced powdered mixtures

irradiation with ultraviolet light, whether using electric-powered lamps or direct solar exposure

membrane filtration, employing hollow-fiber ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis filter elements preceded by pretreatment

Sanitation

BiPu is a portable system suitable for disaster management, while other forms of latrine provide safe means of disposing of human waste at a low cost. The Orangi Pilot Project was designed based on an urban slum's sanitation crisis. Kamal Kar has documented the latrines developed by Bangladeshi villagers once they became aware of the health problems with open defecation.

Reed beds can help to purify sewage and greywater.

Ecological sanitation can be viewed as a three-step process dealing with human excreta: (1) Containment, (2) Sanitization, (3) Recycling. The objective is to protect human health and the environment while limiting the use of water in sanitation systems for hand (and anal) washing only and recycling nutrients to help reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers in agriculture.

Transportation

The Whirlwind wheelchair provides mobility for disabled people who can't afford the expensive wheelchairs used in developed countries. The Bicycle provides general-purpose, human-powered transportation at a lower cost of ownership than motorized vehicles, with many gains over simply walking.

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